YUGOSLAVIA GEOGRAPHY Total area: 255,800 km2; land area: 255,400 km2 Comparative area: slightly larger than Wyoming Land boundaries: 2,961 km total; Albania 486 km, Austria 311 km, Bulgaria 539 km, Greece 246 km, Hungary 631 km, Italy 202 km, Romania 546 km Coastline: 3,935 km (including 2,414 km offshore islands) Maritime claims: Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation; Territorial sea: 12 nm Disputes: Kosovo question with Albania; Macedonia question with Bulgaria and Greece Climate: temperate; hot, relatively dry summers with mild, rainy winters along coast; warm summer with cold winters inland Terrain: mostly mountains with large areas of karst topography; plain in north Natural resources: coal, copper, bauxite, timber, iron ore, antimony, chromium, lead, zinc, asbestos, mercury, crude oil, natural gas, nickel, uranium Land use: arable land 28%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 25%; forest and woodland 36%; other 8%; includes irrigated 1% Environment: subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes Note: controls the most important land routes from central and western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish straits PEOPLE Population: 23,976,040 (July 1991), growth rate 0.6% (1991) Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1991) Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1991) Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991) Infant mortality rate: 21 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 76 years female (1991) Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born/woman (1991) Nationality: noun--Yugoslav(s); adjective--Yugoslav Ethnic divisions: Serb 36.3%, Croat 19.7%, Muslim 8.9%, Slovene 7.8%, Albanian 7.7%, Macedonian 5.9%, Yugoslav 5.4%, Montenegrin 2.5%, Hungarian 1.9%, other 3.9% (1981 census) Religion: Eastern Orthodox 50%, Roman Catholic 30%, Muslim 9%, Protestant 1%, other 10% Language: Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian (all official); Albanian, Hungarian Literacy: 90% (male 96%, female 84%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981) Labor force: 9,600,000; agriculture 22%, mining and manufacturing 27%; about 5% of labor force are guest workers in Western Europe (1986) Organized labor: badly fractured labor movement, with no unified national labor federation; several republics have competing union federations within their borders GOVERNMENT Long-form name: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; abbreviated SFRY Type: federal republic in form; four of six republics have non-Communist governments Capital: Belgrade Administrative divisions: 6 republics (republike, singular--republika); Bosna i Hercegovina (Bosnia and Hercegovina), Crna Gora (Montenegro), Hrvatska (Croatia), Makedonija (Macedonia), Slovenija (Slovenia), Srbija (Serbia); note--there are two nominally autonomous provinces (autonomne pokajine, singular--autonomna pokajina) within Srbija--Kosovo and Vojvodina Independence: 1 December 1918; independent monarchy established from the Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro, parts of the Turkish Empire, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire; SFRY proclaimed 29 November 1945 Constitution: 21 February 1974, amendments to the Constitution have passed the Federal Assembly and are being considered at the republic level Legal system: mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; a new legal code is being formulated National holiday: Proclamation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 29 November (1945) Executive branch: president of the Presidency, vice president of the Presidency, Presidency, president of the Federal Executive Council, two vice presidents of the Federal Executive Council, Federal Executive Council Legislative branch: bicameral Federal (Skupstina) consists of an upper chamber or Chamber of Republics and Provinces (Vece Republika i Pokrajina) and a lower chamber or Federal Chamber Judicial branch: Federal Court (Savezna Sud), Constitutional Court Leaders: Chief of State--President of the Presidency Stjepan MESIC from Hrvatska (Croatia), one-year term expires 15 May 1992; Vice President of the Presidency Branko KOSTIC from Crna Gora (Montenegro), one-year term expires 15 May 1992; note--the offices of president and vice president rotate annually among members of the Presidency with the current vice president assuming the presidency and a new vice president selected from area which has gone the longest without filling the position (the current sequence is Hrvatska, Crna Gora, Vojvodina, Kosovo, Makedonija, Bosna i Hercegovina, Slovenija, and Srbija); Head of Government--President of the Federal Executive Council Ante MARKOVIC (since 16 March 1989); Vice President of the Federal Executive Council Aleksandar MITROVIC (since 16 March 1989); Vice President of the Federal Executive Council Zivko PREGL (since 16 March 1989) Political parties and leaders: there are over 100 political parties operating, some only in one republic and others country-wide Suffrage: at age 16 if employed, universal at age 18 Elections: direct federal elections may never be held because of inter-republic differences over Yugoslavia's future structure Other political or pressure groups: there are no national political groups; all significant groups are found within the republics Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), BIS, CCC, CERN (observer), CSCE, ECE, FAO, G-9, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OECD (special), PCA, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Dzevad MUJEZINOVIC; Chancery at 2410 California Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-6566; there are Yugoslav Consulates General in Chicago, Cleveland, New York, Pittsburgh, and San Francisco; US--Ambassador Warren ZIMMERMAN; mailing address Box 5070, Belgrade or APO New York 09213-5070; telephone 38 (11) 645-655; there is a US Consulate General in Zagreb Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red with a large red five-pointed star edged in yellow superimposed in the center over all three bands ECONOMY Overview: For 20 years Communist Yugoslavia had been trying to replace the Stalinist command economy with a decentralized semimarket system that features worker self-management councils in all large plants. This hybrid system neared collapse in late 1989 when inflation soared. The government applied shock therapy in 1990 under an IMF standby program that provides tight control over monetary expansion, a freeze on wages, the pegging of the dinar to the deutsche mark, and a partial price freeze on energy, transportation, and communal services. This program brought hyperinflation to a halt and encouraged a rise in foreign investment. Since June 1990, however, inflation has rebounded and threatens to rise further in 1991. Estimated annual inflation for 1990 is 164%. Other huge problems remain: rising unemployment, the low quality of industrial output, and striking differences in income between the poorer southern regions and the comparatively well-off northern areas. Even so, political issues far outweigh economic problems in importance. GNP: $120.1 billion, per capita $5,040; real growth rate - 6.3% (1990 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 164% (1990) Unemployment rate: 16% (1990) Budget: revenues $6.4 billion; expenditures $6.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990) Exports: $13.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.); commodities--raw materials and semimanufactures 50%, consumer goods 31%, capital goods and equipment 19%; partners--EC 53%, USSR and Eastern Europe 27%, less developed countries 12.9%, US 4.8%, other 2.3% Imports: $17.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.); commodities--raw materials and semimanufactures 79%, capital goods and equipment 15%, consumer goods 6%; partners--EC 53.5%, USSR and Eastern Europe 22.8%, less developed countries 15.4%, US 4.6%, other 3.7% External debt: $18.0 billion, medium and long term (December 1990) Industrial production: growth rate - 10.9% (1990) Electricity: 21,000,000 kW capacity; 83,400 million kWh produced, 3,500 kWh per capita (1990) Industries: metallurgy, machinery and equipment, petroleum, chemicals, textiles, wood processing, food processing, pulp and paper, motor vehicles, building materials Agriculture: diversified, with many small private holdings and large combines; main crops--corn, wheat, tobacco, sugar beets, sunflowers; occasionally a net exporter of corn, tobacco, foodstuffs, live animals Economic aid: donor--about $3.5 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries (1966-89) Currency: Yugoslav dinar (plural--dinars); 1 Yugoslav dinar (YD) = 100 paras; note--on 1 January 1990, Yugoslavia began issuing a new currency with 1 new dinar equal to 10,000 YD Exchange rates: Yugoslav dinars (YD) per US$1--13.605 (January 1991), 11.318 (1990), 2.876 (1989), 0.252 (1988), 0.074 (1987), 0.038 (1986), 0.027 (1985); note--as of January 1991 the new dinar is linked to the German deutsche mark at the rate of 9 new dinars per 1 deustche mark Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 9,349 km total; (all 1.435-meter standard gauge) including 931 km double track, 3,760 km electrified (1988) Highways: 122,062 km total; 73,527 km asphalt, concrete, stone block; 33,663 km macadam, asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 14,872 km earth (1988) Inland waterways: 2,600 km (1982) Pipelines: 1,373 km crude oil; 2,900 km natural gas; 150 km refined products Ports: Rijeka, Split, Koper, Bar, Ploce; inland port is Belgrade Merchant marine: 277 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,780,095 GRT/6,031,359 DWT; includes 3 passenger, 4 short-sea passenger, 133 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 19 container, 10 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 multifunction large-load carrier, 9 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 3 chemical tanker, 2 combination ore/oil, 75 bulk, 11 combination bulk; note--Yugoslavia owns 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 253,400 GRT/429,613 DWT under the registry of Liberia, Panama, and Cyprus Civil air: 57 major transport aircraft Airports: 179 total, 179 usable; 54 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 23 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: 1.6 million telephones (97% automatic); 7,500 public telephone booths; stations--85 AM, 69 FM, 103 TV; 4.65 million radios; 4.1 million TVs (1990); 92% of country receives No. 1 television program (1990) DEFENSE FORCES Branches: Yugoslav People's Army--Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territorial Defense Force, Civil Defense Manpower availability: males 15-49, 6,176,693; 5,001,024 fit for military service; 189,886 reach military age (19) annually Defense expenditures: 70.85 billion dinars, 4-6% of GDP (1991 est.); note--conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the official administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results